Apparatus and method for controlling communications to and from utility service points

ABSTRACT

An apparatus and method control transmission of messages over a fixed bandwidth link from fixed position communication devices to a central controller in a load management system. The messages include information relating to electric power consumption by power consuming devices located at service points that include the communication devices. In one embodiment, the central controller determines an identifier associated with each communication device, a reporting period during which the messages are to be transmitted by the communication devices, and transmission increments within the reporting period. The controller allocates each transmission increment to a respective group of communication devices. The controller then determines a transmission time for a message from a particular communication device based on the identifier for the particular device, a duration of a transmission increment allocated to a group of communication devices that includes the particular device, and a quantity of communication devices in the particular device&#39;s group.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No.12/715,124 filed on Mar. 1, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,010,812 which is adivision of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/895,909 filed on Aug. 28, 2007,now U.S. Pat. No. 7,715,951 B2, and is incorporated herein by thisreference as if fully set forth herein. This application is also acontinuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/715,195 filed onMar. 1, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,032,233 which is also a division ofU.S. application Ser. No. 11/895,909, filed Aug. 28, 2007 now U.S. Pat.No. 7,715,951 B2, and is incorporated herein by this reference as iffully set forth herein. This application further claims priority under35 U.S.C. §119(e) upon U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/278,669filed on Oct. 9, 2009 solely to the extent of the subject matterdisclosed in said provisional application, which application isincorporated herein by this reference as if fully set forth herein.Finally, this application is related to commonly-owned U.S. applicationSer. No. 12/001,819 filed on Dec. 13, 2007 and commonly-owned U.S.application Ser. No. 12/896,307 filed on Oct. 1, 2010.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to electric power supply andgeneration systems and, more particularly, to the management and controlof communications to and from utility service points.

2. Description of Related Art

The increased awareness of the impact of carbon emissions from the useof fossil-fueled electric generation combined with the increased cost ofproducing peak power during high load conditions have increased the needfor alternative solutions utilizing load control as a mechanism todefer, or in some cases eliminate, the need for deploying additionalgeneration capacity by electric utilities. Existing electric utilitiesare pressed for methods to reduce, defer, or eliminate the need forconstruction of fossil-fuel based electricity generation. Today, apatchwork of systems exist to implement demand response load managementprograms (e.g., typically referred to as “demand side management” or“DSM”), whereby various radio subsystems in various frequency bandsutilize “one-way” transmit only methods of communication. Under theseprograms, radio frequency (RF) controlled relay switches are typicallyattached to a customer's air conditioner, water heater, or pool pump. Ablanket command is sent out to a specific geographic area such that allreceiving units within the range of the transmitting station (e.g.,typically a paging network) are turned off during peak hours at theelection of the power utility. After a period of time when the peak loadhas passed, a second blanket command is sent to turn on those devicesthat were previously turned off.

In addition to DSM, some electric utilities utilize tele-metering forthe express purpose of reporting energy usage. However, no techniquesexist for calculating power consumption and/or greenhouse gas emissions(e.g., carbon gas emissions, sulfur dioxide (SO₂) gas emissions, and/ornitrogen dioxide (NO₂) emissions), and reporting the state of aparticular power consuming device or set of power consuming devicesoperating under the control of a two-way positive control loadmanagement policy. In particular, one way wireless communication deviceshave been utilized in DSM systems to de-activate electrical appliances,such as heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) units, waterheaters, pool pumps, and lighting, from an existing electrical supplieror distribution partner's network. These devices have typically beenused in combination with wireless paging receivers that receive “on” and“off” commands from a paging transmitter. Additionally, the one-waydevices are typically connected to a serving electrical supplier'scontrol center via landline trunks or, in some cases, microwavetransmission to the paging transmitter. The customers subscribing to theDSM program receive a discount for allowing the serving electricalsupplier (utility) to connect to their electrical appliances anddeactivate those appliances temporarily during high energy usageperiods.

Power meters and metering technology are important capabilities of thepower industry and are used in connection with existing DSM systems.Power meters provide the critical use information necessary for theutility to bill its customers. Conventional power meters use simpletechnology to detect the amount of electricity used by a customerservice point at which the power meter is installed. Thus, theinformation obtained from a conventional meter is typically the totalamount of electricity used by a service point (e.g., residence orbusiness) to date. Meter reading is still typically performed manuallyon a periodic basis (e.g., monthly), such that a power utility workerphysically travels to each assigned meter to read it. The usage orconsumption information read from the meter is typically input manuallyinto a handheld data storage device and the data from the storage deviceis transferred into the utility's billing system. On-site meter readinghas a number of disadvantages, including (a) dangers to utilitypersonnel from uncontrolled pets or other animals, (b) physicaldifficulties gaining access to the meter, (c) weather, and (d) time andcost associated with traveling to a service point, which may be in aremote area.

To overcome many of the problems associated with manual, on-site meterreading, some utilities have begun to use Automatic Meter Reading (AMR)technology that allows utilities to remotely read meters without havingto physically view the meter. FIG. 1 illustrates differences betweenmanual meter reading and AMR in an exemplary utility service area. Inaccordance with AMR technology, advanced meters transmit meter datawirelessly, either automatically or responsive to wireless wake-up pollsreceived from a wireless controller in the general vicinity of themeter. Therefore, advanced meters may be read by workers equipped withwireless data collection devices who simply walk or drive past theservice points having advanced meters. When an advanced meter requires awake-up poll in order to transmit its data, the controller issuing thepoll may be included in a wireless data collection device. Becauseutility personnel do not need to physically view each meter, AMRsubstantially reduces meter reading time and provides a significantreduction in labor costs, as well as improves the safety of utilitypersonnel. However, because AMR typically requires a utility worker tobe in the proximity of each service point in order to read the servicepoint's meter, the labor costs associated with implementing AMR arestill substantial.

To overcome the disadvantages of AMR, Advanced Metering or AdvancedMetering Infrastructure (AMI) technology was developed. AMI technologyallows power utilities to remotely read meters using new communicationstechnology, such as the Internet, power line communications, and widearea wireless technology. AMI technology also allows the use of otherremote functionality, such as remote disconnection of power to a servicepoint. The advanced meters used with AMI technology are sometimesreferred to as “smart meters.”

Thus, AMI provides two-way communication between a utility and the smartmeters distributed throughout the utility's service area. Some of thekey features of AMI technology include:

Communication “on demand”—Communication between the utility and thesmart meter may occur at any time and may be two-way. Communicationbetween the utility and conventional meters typically occurs just once amonth and is one-way from the meter to the utility.

Rapid measurement and transmittal of usage data—The amount of power usedcan be measured much more frequently than the monthly measurement ofconventional metering cycles. In addition, these measurements can betransmitted to the utility more frequently.

Information to the utility—Meter data that is sent to the utility may beused to glean additional information about a customer (e.g., power usagepatterns), and aggregated data can be used for optimization andplanning.

Feedback to the customer—AMI technology enables utilities to providedetailed information about energy usage to their customers, which inturn enables the customers to make intelligent changes to the way theyconsume electricity.

FIG. 2 illustrates, in block diagram form, how AMI technology worksgenerally for a group of service points 201-205. The utility 207communicates to smart meters 211-215 at the service points 201-205 usingwide area wireless or wired technology. Thus, the utility 207 and allthe service points 201-205 in the utility's service area effectivelyform a wide area network (WAN) 217.

If, in accordance with an AMI protocol, the smart meters 211-215 at allthe service points 201-205 are transmitting frequently, there is a riskthat all, or at least a substantial number, of the smart meters 211-215in a utility's service area could transmit at the exact same point intime (i.e., their transmission pulses would be the same) or that suchtransmissions could overlap and conflict. Depending on the availablebandwidth of the WAN's reverse link from the smart meters 211-215 to theutility 207, a substantial number of simultaneous or overlappingtransmissions from the smart meters 211-215 can place an inordinatestrain on the WAN 217 and cause a data bottleneck, possibly resulting inlost or unacceptably latent (e.g., out-of-date) data. Additionally,depending on the available bandwidth of the WAN's forward link from theutility 207 to the service points 201-205, a transmission bottleneck mayalso result in the forward direction when the utility 207 attempts tocommunicate simultaneously or substantially simultaneously with all orsubstantially all of the smart meters 211-215 in the utility's servicearea. Such transmission bottlenecks may be exacerbated where the WAN 217relies upon a public wireless network, such as a cellular network, toimplement at least part of the WAN's forward and reverse links,especially after a power outage when the utility 207 and all the smartmeters 211-215 attempt to re-synchronize and share current informationwith one another.

Therefore, a need exists for a system and method for controllingcommunications between a utility and its service points to reduce thelikelihood of data bottlenecks in either the forward or reversedirection.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary prior art power distributionsystem illustrating manual meter reading and meter reading in accordancewith Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) technology.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an exemplary prior art power distributionsystem illustrating meter reading in accordance with Advanced MeteringInfrastructure (AMI) technology.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an exemplary IP-based, active loadmanagement system in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary active load director(ALD) as shown in the active load management system of FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary active load clientand smart breaker load center as shown in the active load managementsystem of FIG. 3.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram and timeline providing a comparison ofuncontrolled and controlled messaging in an active load managementsystem, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 7 is a logic flow diagram of steps executed by a central controllerin an active load management system to control transmissions of messagesover a fixed bandwidth communication link, in accordance with oneexemplary embodiment of the present invention

FIG. 8 is a logic flow diagram of steps executed by an immobile wirelesscommunication device located at a service point in an active loadmanagement system to control transmissions of at least one message overa fixed bandwidth communication link, in accordance with anotherexemplary embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

Before describing in detail exemplary embodiments that are in accordancewith the present invention, it should be observed that the embodimentsreside primarily in combinations of apparatus components and processingsteps related to controlling transmission of messages over fixedbandwidth communication links between a central controller, such as anactive load director, and a plurality of fixed position and immobilecommunication devices, such as active load client devices, in an activeload management system. Accordingly, the apparatus and method componentshave been represented where appropriate by conventional symbols in thedrawings, showing only those specific details that are pertinent tounderstanding the embodiments of the present invention so as not toobscure the disclosure with details that will be readily apparent tothose of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the descriptionherein.

In this document, relational terms, such as “first” and “second,” “top”and “bottom,” and the like, may be used solely to distinguish one entityor element from another entity or element without necessarily requiringor implying any physical or logical relationship or order between suchentities or elements. The terms “includes,” “including,” “contains,”“containing,” “comprises,” “comprising,” “has,” “having,” or any othervariations thereof are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, suchthat a process, method, article, apparatus, or anything else thatincludes, contains, comprises, or has a list of elements does notinclude only those elements, but may include other elements notexpressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article,apparatus, or other thing. The term “plurality of” as used in connectionwith any object or action means two or more of such object or action. Aclaim element proceeded by the article “a” or “an” does not, withoutmore constraints, preclude the existence of additional identicalelements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that includes theelement. The term “ZigBee” refers to any wireless communication protocoladopted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)according to standard 802.15.4 or any successor standard(s), and theterm “Bluetooth” refers to any short-range wireless communicationprotocol implementing IEEE standard 802.15.1 or any successorstandard(s). Power line communications includes any system communicatingdata using power lines, including, but not limited to, Broadband overPowerLine (BPL) in its various forms, including through specificationspromulgated or being developed by the HOMEPLUG Powerline Alliance andthe IEEE. The term “High Speed Packet Data Access (HSPA)” refers to anycommunication protocol adopted by the International TelecommunicationUnion (ITU) or another mobile telecommunications standards bodyreferring to the evolution of the Global System for MobileCommunications (GSM) standard beyond its third generation UniversalMobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) protocols. The term “CodeDivision Multiple Access (CDMA) Evolution Date-Optimized (EVDO) RevisionA (CDMA EVDO Rev. A)” refers to the communication protocol adopted bythe ITU under standard number TIA-856 Rev. A. The term “Long TermEvolution (LTE)” refers to any communication protocol based on the ThirdGeneration Partnership Project (3GPP) Release 8 (from the ITU) oranother mobile telecommunications standards body referring to theevolution of GSM-based networks to voice, video and data standardsanticipated to be replacement protocols for HSPA and EVDO. The terms“utility,” “electric utility,” “power utility,” and “electric powerutility” refer to any entity that generates and distributes electricalpower to its customers, that purchases power from a power-generatingentity and distributes the purchased power to its customers, or thatsupplies electricity created actually or virtually by alternative energysources, such as solar power, wind power or otherwise, to powergeneration or distribution entities through the Federal EnergyRegulatory Commission (FERC) electrical grid or otherwise. The terms“bandwidth” and “capacity” are used interchangeably herein.

It will be appreciated that embodiments or components of the systemsdescribed herein may be comprised of one or more conventional processorsand unique stored program instructions that control the one or moreprocessors to implement, in conjunction with certain non-processorcircuits, some, most, or all of the functions for managing orcontrolling transmission of messages over fixed bandwidth communicationlinks in active load management systems as described herein. Thenon-processor circuits may include, but are not limited to, radioreceivers, radio transmitters, antennas, modems, signal drivers, clockcircuits, power source circuits, relays, meters, smart breakers, currentsensors, and user input devices, just to name a few. As such, thesefunctions may be interpreted as steps of a method to manage or controltransmission of messages between devices in an active load managementsystem. Alternatively, some or all of the functions could be implementedby a state machine that has no stored program instructions, or in one ormore application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), in which eachfunction or some combinations of functions are implemented as customlogic. Of course, a combination of the foregoing approaches could beused. Thus, methods and means for these functions have been describedherein. Further, it is expected that one of ordinary skill in the art,notwithstanding possibly significant effort and many design choicesmotivated by, for example, available time, current technology, andeconomic considerations, when guided by the concepts and principlesdisclosed herein, will be readily capable of generating such softwareinstructions, programs and integrated circuits (ICs), and appropriatelyarranging and functionally integrating such non-processor circuits,without undue experimentation.

Generally, the present invention encompasses a method and apparatus forcontrolling transmission of messages over a fixed bandwidth (wired orwireless) communication link to or from a plurality of fixed position(e.g., immobile) communication devices in an active load managementsystem. Messages communicated from the communication devices, which maybe active load client devices or smart meters executing software withappropriate reporting functionality, provide information relating atleast to electric power consumption by power consuming devices locatedat service points (e.g., residences or businesses) at which thecommunication devices are installed or otherwise fixedly positioned. Theservice points receive electrical power from a utility.

According to one embodiment, a central controller, such as an activeload director, operated by the utility or a third party service providerdetermines an identifier associated with each communication device, areporting or transmission period during which power reporting messagesare to be transmitted by the communication devices, and transmissionincrements within the reporting period. The controller allocates eachtransmission increment to a respective group of communication devicesand determines a transmission time for at least one power reportingmessage from a particular communication device based on the identifierfor the particular communication device, a duration of a transmissionincrement allocated to a group of communication devices that includesthe particular communication device, and a quantity of communicationdevices in the particular communication device's group. The controllermay then transmit a control message (e.g., transmission time message)containing an indication of the transmission time to the particularcommunication device over the communication link. By determiningtransmission times for the communication devices in such a manner, thecentral controller is able to sufficiently vary or stagger communicationdevice transmissions to reduce the likelihood of lost or undesirablydelayed messages due to capacity limitations of the fixed bandwidthcommunication link.

In an alternative embodiment, the central controller receives a varietyof information from a control center of the serving utility and usessuch information to determine the transmission times for thecommunication device. For example, the central controller may receive atleast one control message including identifiers associated with thecommunication devices, a quantity of the communication devices, aquantity of transmission increments within the reporting period, andidentifications of transmission increments assigned to groups ofcommunication devices. Based on such information, the central controllermay determine the duration of the transmission increment allocated tothe group of communication devices that includes a particularcommunication device based on the quantity of transmission incrementswithin the reporting period and a duration of the reporting period. Forexample, the duration of the transmission increment may be determined bydividing the duration of the reporting period by the quantity oftransmission increments. Additionally, the central controller maydetermine the quantity of communication devices in a group ofcommunication devices based on the quantity of communication devices andthe quantity of transmission increments within the reporting period. Forexample, for an embodiment in which each group of communication devicesincludes a substantially equal number of communication devices, thequantity of communication devices per group may be determined bydividing the quantity of communications devices by the quantity oftransmission increments per reporting or transmission period. Finally,the transmission time for a particular communication device may bedetermined by dividing the identifier associated with the communicationdevice (e.g., a sequence number assigned to the communication device,where each communication device is assigned a unique number in asequence that runs from one through the total number of communicationsdevices in the system) by the quantity of communication devices in theparticular communication device's group and multiplying the resultingquotient by the duration or length of the transmission incrementassigned to the particular communication device's group. Thetransmission time in this case would be the time computed relative tothe start time of the transmission increment assigned to the particularcommunication device's group.

In a further embodiment, each communication device may determine its owntransmission time for transmitting a reporting message based oninformation received from a central controller. In such a case, theinformation received from the central controller may include anidentifier associated with the communication device, a quantity ofcommunication devices within the active load management system (e.g., aquantity of communication devices served by the central controller), aquantity of transmission increments within a reporting period duringwhich reporting messages are to be transmitted by the communicationdevices, and identification of a transmission increment assigned to agroup of communication devices containing the communication device. Forexample, the communication device may determine a quantity ofcommunication devices within a group containing the communication devicebased on the total quantity of communication devices in the system andthe quantity of transmission increments within the reporting period. Thecommunication device may also determine a duration of the transmissionincrement assigned to the group containing the communication device. Thecommunication device may then determine the transmission time for itsreporting message based on the identifier associated with thecommunication device, the quantity of communication devices within thegroup containing the communication device, and the duration of thetransmission increment assigned to the group containing thecommunication device. After determining its transmission time, thecommunication device may transmit at least one reporting message overthe communication link at the determined transmission time.

In one embodiment, the communication device may determine the quantityof communication devices within its group of communication devices basedon the overall quantity of communication devices and the quantity oftransmission increments within the reporting period. For example, for anembodiment in which each group of communication devices includes asubstantially equal number of communication devices, the quantity ofcommunication devices per group may be determined by dividing the totalquantity of communication devices by the quantity of transmissionincrements per reporting or transmission period. Additionally, thecommunication device may determine the duration of the transmissionincrement assigned to its group of communication devices based on thequantity of transmission increments within the reporting period and aduration of the reporting period. For example, the duration of thetransmission increment may be determined by dividing the duration of thereporting period by the quantity of transmission increments. Finally,the communication device may determine its transmission time by dividingthe identifier associated with the communication device (e.g., asequence number assigned to the communication device, where eachcommunication device is assigned a unique number in a sequence that runsfrom one through the total number of communications devices in thesystem) by the quantity of communication devices in the communicationdevice's group and multiplying the resulting quotient by the duration orlength of the transmission increment assigned to the communicationdevice's group. The transmission time in this case would be the timecomputed relative to the start time of the transmission incrementassigned to the communication device's group.

The present invention can be more readily understood with reference toFIGS. 3-8, in which like reference numerals designate like items. FIG. 3depicts an exemplary IP-based active load management system (ALMS) 10that may be utilized by an electric utility, which may be a conventionalpower-generating utility, a serving utility (e.g., an electriccooperative or municipality), or a virtual utility, in accordance withthe present invention. The description of the ALMS 10 provided below islimited to specific disclosure relating to embodiments of the presentinvention. A more general and detailed description of the ALMS 10 isprovided in U.S. Pat. No. 7,715,951 B2, which is incorporated herein bythis reference as if fully set forth herein. The disclosure of U.S. Pat.No. 7,715,951 provides details with respect to the exemplary operationalimplementation and execution of control events to interrupt or reducepower to devices located at service points, such as residences andbusinesses. The use of an ALMS 10 to implement a virtual utility isdescribed in detail in co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 12/001,819,which was filed on Dec. 13, 2007, was published as U.S. PatentApplication Publication No. US 20090063228 A1 on Mar. 5, 2009, and isincorporated herein by this reference as if fully set forth herein.

The exemplary ALMS 10 monitors and manages power distribution via anactive load director (ALD) 100 connected between one or more utilitycontrol centers (UCCs) 200 (one shown) and one or more active loadclients (ALCs) 300 (one shown) installed at one or more service points20 (one shown). The ALD 100 may communicate with the utility controlcenter 200 and each active load client 300 either directly or through anetwork 80 using the Internet Protocol (IP) or any other (IP orEthernet) connection-based protocols. For example, the ALD 100 maycommunicate using RF systems operating via one or more base stations 90(one shown) using one or more wireless communication protocols, such asGSM, Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), ANSI C12.22, HSPA, LTE, TimeDivision Multiple Access (TDMA), or CDMA data standards, including CDMA2000, CDMA Revision A, CDMA Revision B, and CDMA EVDO Rev. A.Alternatively, or additionally, the ALD 100 may communicate fully orpartially via wired interfaces, such as through the use of digitalsubscriber line (DSL) technology, cable television IP-based technology,or other related technology. In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG.3, the ALD 100 communicates with one or more active load clients 300using a combination of traditional IP-based communication (e.g., over atrunked line) to a base station 90 and a wireless channel implementingthe HSPA or EVDO protocol from the base station 90 to the active loadclient 300. The distance between the base station 90 and the servicepoint 20 or the active load client 300 is typically referred to as the“last mile” even though the distance may not actually be a mile. The ALD100 may be implemented in various ways, including, but not limited to,as an individual server, as a blade within a server, in a distributedcomputing environment, or in other combinations of hardware andsoftware. In the following disclosure, the ALD 100 is described asembodied in an individual server to facilitate an understanding of thepresent invention.

Each active load client 300 is accessible through a specified address(e.g., IP address) and controls and monitors the state of individualsmart breaker modules or intelligent appliances 60 installed at theservice point 20 (e.g., in the business or residence 20) with which theactive load client 300 is associated (e.g., connected or supporting).Each active load client 300 is associated with a single residential orcommercial customer. In one embodiment, the active load client 300communicates with a residential load center 400 that contains smartbreaker modules, which are able to switch from an “ON” (active) state toan “OFF” (inactive) state, and vice versa, responsive to signaling fromthe active load client 300. Smart breaker modules may include, forexample, smart breaker panels manufactured by Schneider Electric SAunder the trademark “Square D” or Eaton Corporation under the trademark“Cutler-Hammer” for installation during new construction. Forretro-fitting existing buildings, smart breakers having means forindividual identification and control may be used. Typically, each smartbreaker controls a single appliance (e.g., a washer/dryer 30, a hotwater heater 40, an HVAC unit 50, or a pool pump 70). In an alternativeembodiment, IP addressable relays or device controllers that operate ina manner similar to a “smart breaker,” but would be installed coincidentwith the load (e.g., power consuming device) under control, wouldmeasure the startup power, steady state power, power quality, dutycycle, and/or energy load profile of the individual appliance 60, HVACunit 40, pool pump 70, hot water heater 40 or any other controllabledevice as determined by the utility or end customer.

Additionally, the active load client 300 may control individual smartappliances 60 directly (e.g., without communicating with the residentialload center 400) via one or more of a variety of known communicationprotocols (e.g., IP, BPL, Ethernet, Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wi-Fi (IEEE802.11 protocols), WiMax (IEEE 802.16 protocols), HSPA, EVDO, etc.).Typically, a smart appliance 60 includes a power control module (notshown) having communication abilities. The power control module isinstalled in-line with the power supply to the appliance, between theactual appliance and the power source (e.g., the power control module isplugged into a power outlet at the home or business and the power cordfor the appliance is plugged into the power control module). Thus, whenthe power control module receives a command to turn off the appliance60, it disconnects the actual power supplying the appliance 60.Alternatively, a smart appliance 60 may include a power control moduleintegrated directly into the appliance, which may receive commands andcontrol the operation of the appliance 60 directly (e.g., a smartthermostat may perform such functions as raising or lowering the settemperature, switching an HVAC unit on or off, or switching a fan on oroff).

The active load client 300 may further be coupled to one or morevariability factor sensors 94. Such sensors 94 may be used to monitor avariety of variability factors affecting operation of the devices, suchas inside and/or outside temperature, inside and/or outside humidity,time of day, pollen count, amount of rainfall, wind speed, and otherfactors or parameters.

For a service point 20 associated with a business or industrial setting,the ALMS 10 may be utilized to lower power consumption during times ofpeak demand by cutting or removing power to switch-based devices (e.g.,climate-controlled or environmentally-dependent devices, such as HVACunits) or environmentally-independent devices (such as lights in commonareas and/or elevators). Alternatively, the ALMS 10 may be utilized toreduce or increase, as applicable depending upon the set point and/ormode (heating or cooling) of the device, the temperature or otherenvironmental characteristic under the control ofenvironmentally-dependent or climate-controlled devices (such asreducing heating or air conditioning in common areas, reducing furnacetemperatures, and/or increasing refrigerator temperatures).

As also shown in FIG. 3, a service point 20 may optionally have one ormore on-site power generating devices 96 (one shown), such as solarpanels, fuel cells, and/or wind turbines. When included, each powergenerating device 96 is coupled to the active load client 300. Powersupplied by the power generating device 96 may be used in whole or inpart by devices at the service point 20 and any extra, unused power maybe added to the utility's overall capacity. In accordance with netmetering regulations, the utility may provide credit to the servicepoint owner for any energy produced at the service point 20 and suppliedto the utility's power grid.

The service point 20 may optionally further include one or more on-sitepower storage devices 62 (one shown) to store energy supplied by theutility or produced by the power generating device 96. The power storagedevice 62 may be primarily used for power storage or, more typically,may have another primary purpose, such as power consumption, althoughstorage of power is a secondary purpose. Normally, the power storagedevice 62 is plugged into the power grid and incrementally stores powerwhich can be used or consumed later. One example of a power storagedevice 62 is an electric vehicle. When not in use, the power storagedevice 62 may be plugged into an outlet at the service point 20 to drawand store energy from the utility's grid. The power storage device 62may then be unplugged later and used for its primary purpose. In theexample of an electric vehicle, the power storage device 62 is unpluggedto be used for transportation.

Alternatively, the power storage device 62 may, at a later time afterbeing charged, serve as a source of power, akin to a power generatingdevice 96. For example, an electric vehicle may be plugged into a socketat the service point 20 and have some or all of its remaining storedpower supplied to the utility's grid when, for example, the vehicleowner is not planning on using the vehicle for awhile. In such a case,the vehicle owner could elect to supply power to the utility grid athigh peak load times and receive or consume power from the grid at lowpeak load times, effectively treating stored power as a commodity.

The service point 20 may further include a web-based user interface(e.g., Internet-accessible web portal) into a web browser interface ofthe ALD 100. The web-based user interface is referred to herein as a“customer dashboard” 98. When the customer dashboard 98 is accessed bythe customer via a computer, smart phone, personal digital assistant, orother comparable device, the customer dashboard 98 may be used by thecustomer to specify preferences for use by the ALMS 10 to controldevices at the customer's service point 20. The customer dashboard 98effectively provides the customer with access into the ALD 100. The ALD100 (e.g., through a web browser interface) accepts inputs from thecustomer dashboard 98 and outputs information to the customer dashboard98 for display to the customer. The customer dashboard 98 may beaccessed from the service point 20 or remotely from anyInternet-accessible device, preferably through use of a user name andpassword for security purposes. Thus, the customer dashboard 98 ispreferably a secure, web-based interface used by customers to specifypreferences associated with devices controlled by the ALD 100 andlocated at the customer's service point 20. The customer dashboard 98may also be used to provide information requested by a customer personalsettings application or a customer sign-up application executed by theALD 100 in connection with controlled devices and/or service pointconditions or parameters. Customer preferences may include, for example,control event preferences (e.g., times, durations, etc.), billmanagement preferences (e.g., goal or target for maximum monthly billingcost), maximum and minimum boundary settings for environmentalcharacteristics or conditions, and various other customer settings.

Referring now to FIG. 4, the ALD 100 may serve as the primary interfaceto customers, as well as to service personnel, and may function as acentral controller between the active load clients 300 and the utility.In the exemplary embodiment depicted in FIG. 4, the ALD 100 isimplemented as an individual server and includes a utility controlcenter (UCC) security interface 102, a UCC command processor 104, amaster event manager 106, an ALC manager 108, an ALC security interface110, an ALC interface 112, a web browser interface 114, a customersign-up application 116, customer personal settings 138, a customerreports application 118, a power savings application 120, an ALCdiagnostic manager 122, an ALD database 124, a service dispatch manager126, a trouble ticket generator 128, a call center manager 130, a carbonsavings application 132, a utility power and carbon (P&C) database 134,a read meter application 136, a security device manager 140, and adevice controller 144. The operational details of several of theelements of the ALD 100 are described below. The operational details ofthe remaining elements of the ALD 100 may be found in U.S. Pat. No.7,715,951 and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 20090063228 A1,wherein the ALD 100 is also described in the context of an individualserver embodiment.

In one embodiment, customers use the customer dashboard 98 to interactwith the ALD 100 through the web browser interface 114 and subscribe tosome or all of the services offered by the ALMS 10 via a customersign-up application 116. In accordance with the customer sign-upapplication 116, the customer enters customer personal settings 138 thatcontain information relating to the customer and the customer's servicepoint 20 (e.g., residence or business), and specifies the extent ofservice to which the customer wishes to subscribe. Additional details ofthe customer sign-up application 116 are discussed below. Customers mayalso use the customer dashboard 98 to access and modify informationpertaining to their existing accounts after they have been established.

The ALD 100 also includes a UCC security interface 102 which providessecurity and encryption between the ALD 100 and a utility company'scontrol center 200 to ensure that no third party is able to provideunauthorized directions to the ALD 100. A UCC command processor 104receives and sends messages between the ALD 100 and the utility controlcenter 200. Similarly, an ALC security interface 110 provides securityand encryption between the ALD 100 and each active load client 300 inthe ALMS 10, ensuring that no third parties can send directions to, orreceive information from, the active load client 300. The securitytechniques employed by the ALC security interface 110 and the UCCsecurity interface 102 may include conventional symmetric key orasymmetric key algorithms, such as Wireless Encryption Protocol (WEP),Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA and WPA2), Advanced Encryption Standard(AES), Pretty Good Privacy (PGP), or proprietary encryption techniques.

In one embodiment, the commands that can be received by the UCC commandprocessor 104 from the electric utility's control center 200 include a“Cut” command, a “How Much” command, an “End Event” command, and a “ReadMeters” command. The “Cut” command instructs the ALD 100 to reduce aspecified amount of power for a specified amount of time. The specifiedamount of power may be an instantaneous amount of power or an averageamount of power consumed per unit of time. The “Cut” command may alsooptionally indicate general geographic areas or specific locations forpower load reduction. The “How Much” command requests information forthe amount of power (e.g., in megawatts) that can be reduced by therequesting utility control center 200. The “End Event” command stops thepresent ALD transaction or load control event. The “Read Meters” commandinstructs the ALD 100 to read the meters for all customers serviced bythe requesting utility.

The UCC command processor 104 may send a response to a “How Much”command or an “Event Ended” status confirmation to a utility controlcenter 200. A response to a “How Much” command returns an amount ofpower that can be cut. An “Event Ended” acknowledgement message confirmsthat the present ALD transaction or load control event has ended.

In an alternative embodiment, the UCC command processor 104 may receiveone or more update or other messages from the utility control center200, which contain transmission time determination parameters. Thetransmission time determination parameters may be used by the ALCmanager 108 or equivalent device or software to determine transmissiontimes for the active load clients 300. Such parameters may includeidentifiers for the active load client devices 300, a quantity of theactive load client devices 300, a quantity of transmission incrementswithin a transmission period, and identifications of transmissionincrements assigned to groups of active load client devices 300. Thedetermination of transmission times based on such parameters isdescribed in detail below.

The master event manager 106 maintains the overall status of the powerload activities controlled by the ALMS 10. In one embodiment, the masterevent manager 106 maintains a separate state for each utility that iscontrolled (when multiple utilities are controlled) and tracks thecurrent power usage within each utility. The master event manager 106also tracks the management condition of each utility (e.g., whether ornot each utility is currently being managed). The master event manager106 receives instructions in the form of transaction requests from theUCC command processor 104 and routes instructions to componentsnecessary to complete the requested transaction, such as the ALC manager108 and the power savings application 120.

The ALC manager 108 routes instructions between the ALD 100 and eachactive load client 300 within the system 10 through an ALC interface112. For instance, the ALC manager 108 tracks the state of every activeload client 300 serviced by specified utilities by communicating withthe active load client 300 through an individual IP address. The ALCinterface 112 translates instructions (e.g., transactions) received fromthe ALC manager 108 into the proper message structure understood by thetarget active load client 300 and then sends the message to the activeload client 300. Likewise, when the ALC interface 112 receives messagesfrom an active load client 300, it translates the message into a formunderstood by the ALC manager 108 and routes the translated message tothe ALC manager 108.

The ALC manager 108 receives from each active load client 300 that itservices, either periodically or responsive to polling messages sent bythe ALC manager 108, report messages containing the present powerconsumption (or information from which the present power consumption canbe determined, such as current draw and operating voltage(s)) and status(e.g., “ON” or “OFF”) of each device controlled by the active loadclient 300. Alternatively, if individual device metering is notavailable, then the total power consumption (or information from whichthe total power consumption can be determined) and load managementstatus for the entire active load client 300 may be reported in a singlereport or status message. The information contained in each status orreport message is stored in the ALD database 124 in a record associatedwith the specified active load client 300. The ALD database 124 containsall the information necessary to manage every customer account and powerdistribution. In one embodiment, the ALD database 124 contains customercontact information, such as names, addresses, phone numbers, emailaddresses, and associated utility companies, for all customers havingactive load clients 300 installed at their residences or businesses, aswell as a description of specific operating instructions (e.g., customerpreferences, such as set points and maximum permitted variancestherefrom) for each managed device (e.g., IP-addressable smart breakeror appliance), device status, and device diagnostic history.

Depending on the quantity of active load clients 300 in the system 10and the bandwidth, whether wired or wireless, allocated to supportmessaging between the active load clients 300 and the ALD 100,simultaneous or substantially simultaneous transmission of reportmessages from the active load clients 300 may exceed the allocatedbandwidth and create a bottleneck in the ALMS 10 or its supportingnetwork 80. Thus, varying or staggering the timing of transmissions ofthe report messages from the active load clients 300 (as well as pollsor other messaging from the ALD 100) is important to increasing thelikelihood that the messages are delivered to the ALD 100 (or the activeload clients 300, as applicable) and that the delays or latencyassociated with the delivery of such messages is minimized. The timingof message transmissions in accordance with one exemplary embodiment ofthe present invention is described in detail below.

There are several types of messages that the ALC manager 108 may receivefrom an active load client 300 and process accordingly. One such messageis a security alert message. A security alert message originates from anoptional security or safety monitoring system installed at the servicepoint 20 (e.g., in the residence or business) and coupled to the activeload client 300 (e.g., wirelessly or via a wired connection). When asecurity alert message is received, the ALC manager 108 accesses the ALDdatabase 124 to obtain routing information for determining where to sendthe alert, and then sends the alert as directed. For example, the ALDmanager 108 may be programmed to send the alert or another message(e.g., an electronic mail message or a pre-recorded voice message) to asecurity monitoring service company and/or the owner of the residence orbusiness.

Another message that may be communicated between an active load client300 and the ALC manager 108 is a report trigger message. A reporttrigger message alerts the ALD 100 that a predetermined amount of powerhas been consumed by a specific device monitored by an active loadclient 300. When a report trigger message is received from an activeload client 300, the ALC manager 108 logs the information contained inthe message in the ALD database 124 for the customer associated with theinformation-supplying active load client 300. The power consumptioninformation is then used by the ALC manager 108 to determine the activeload client(s) 300 to which to send a power reduction or “Cut” messageduring a power reduction or control event.

Yet another message that may be exchanged between an active load client300 and the ALC manager 108 is a status response message. A statusresponse message reports the type and status of each device controlledby the active load client 300 to the ALD 100. When a status responsemessage is received from an active load client 300, the ALC manager 108logs the information contained in the message in the ALD database 124.

In one embodiment, upon receiving instructions (e.g., a “Cut”instruction) from the master event manager 106 to reduce powerconsumption for a specified utility, the ALC manager 108 determineswhich active load clients 300 and/or individually controlled devices toswitch to the “OFF” state based upon present or prior power consumptiondata and customer personal settings 138 stored in the ALD database 124.Power consumption data may include power consumed, current draw, dutycycle, operating voltage, operating impedance, time period of use, setpoints, ambient and outside temperatures during use (as applicable),and/or various other energy use or environmental data. The ALC manager108 then sends a message to each selected active load client 300containing instructions to turn off all or some of the devices under theactive load client's control.

In another embodiment, a power savings application 120 may be optionallyincluded to calculate the total amount of power saved by each utilityduring a power reduction event (referred to herein as a “Cut event” or a“control event”), as well as the amount of power saved for each customerwhose active load client 300 reduced the amount of power delivered. Thepower savings application 120 accesses the data stored in the ALDdatabase 124 for each customer serviced by a particular utility andstores the total cumulative power savings (e.g., in megawatts per hour)accumulated by each utility for each Cut event in which the utilityparticipated as an entry in the utility Power and Carbon (“P&C”)database 134.

In a further embodiment, an optional carbon savings application 132 usesthe information produced by the power savings application 120 todetermine the amount of carbon or carbon equivalents saved by eachutility and by each customer for every Cut event. Carbon savingsinformation (e.g., type of fuel that was used to generate power for thecustomer set that was included in the just completed control event,power saved as a result of the control event, governmental standardcalculation rates, and/or other data, such as generation mix per servingutility and geography of the customer's location and the location of thenearest power source) is stored in the ALD database 124 for each activeload client 300 (customer) and in the utility P&C database 134 for eachutility. The carbon savings application 132 calculates the totalequivalent carbon credits saved for each active load client 300(customer) and utility participating in the previous Cut event, andstores the information in the ALD database 124 and the utility P&Cdatabase 134, respectively.

A read meter application 136 may be optionally invoked when the UCCcommand processor 104 receives a “Read Meters” or equivalent commandfrom the utility control center 200. The read meter application 136cycles through the ALD database 124 and sends a read meter message orcommand to each active load client 300, or those active load clients 300specifically identified in the utility control center's command, via theALC manager 108. The information received by the ALC manager 108 fromthe active load client 300 is logged in the ALD database 124 for eachcustomer. When all the active load client meter information has beenreceived, the information is sent to the requesting utility controlcenter 200 using a business to business (e.g., ebXML) or other desiredprotocol.

The optional security device management block 140 includes programinstructions for handling security system messages received by thesecurity interface 110. The security device management block 140includes routing information for all security system messages and mayfurther include messaging options on a per customer or service companybasis. For example, one security service may require an email alert fromthe ALD 100 upon the occurrence of a security event; whereas, anothersecurity service may require that the message sent from the in-buildingsystem be passed on by the active load client 300 and the ALD 100directly to the security service company.

In a further embodiment, the ALD 100 also includes a customer reportsapplication 118 that generates reports to be sent to individualcustomers detailing the amount of power saved during a previous billingcycle. Each report may contain a cumulative total of power savings overthe prior billing cycle, details of the amount of power saved percontrolled device (e.g., per smart breaker or appliance), power savingsfrom utility directed control events, power savings from customerdirected control events, devices being managed, total carbon equivalentsused and saved during the period, and/or specific details for each Cutevent in which the customer's active load client 300 participated.Customers may also receive incentives and awards for participation inthe ALMS 10 through a customer rewards program 150. For example, theutilities or a third party system operator may enter into agreementswith product and/or service providers to offer system participantsdiscounts on products and services offered by the providers based uponcertain participation levels or milestones. The rewards program 150 maybe setup in a manner similar to conventional frequent flyer programs inwhich points are accumulated for power saved (e.g., one point for eachmegawatt saved or deferred) and, upon accumulation of predeterminedlevels of points, the customer can select a product or service discount.Alternatively, a serving utility may offer a customer a rate discountfor participating in the ALMS 10.

FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary active load client300 and residential load center 400 as used in accordance with oneembodiment of the ALMS 10 of FIG. 3. The depicted active load client 300includes a smart breaker module controller 306, a communicationsinterface 308, a security interface 310, an IP-based communicationconverter 312, a device control manager 314, a smart breaker (B1-BN)counter manager 316, an IP router 320, a smart meter interface 322, asmart device interface 324, an IP device interface 330, and a powerdispatch device interface 340. The active load client 300, in thisembodiment, is a computer or processor-based system located on-site at aservice point 20 (e.g., customer's residence or business). The primaryfunction of the active load client 300 is to manage the power loadlevels of controllable, power consuming devices located at the servicepoint 20, which the active load client 300 oversees and controls onbehalf of the customer. Each active load client 300 is installed in afixed location at a respective service point 20 and includes wiredand/or wireless communications capability as described in more detailbelow. Thus, each active load client 300 is effectively a speciallyconfigured, immobile communication device operating in the ALMS 10.

In an exemplary embodiment, the active load client 300 may includedynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) client functionality toenable the active load client 300 to dynamically request IP addressesfor itself and/or one or more controllable devices 402-412, 60 managedthereby from a DHCP server on the host IP network 80 facilitatingcommunications between the active load client 300 and the ALD 100. Theactive load client 300 may further include router functionality andmaintain a routing table of assigned IP addresses in a memory of theactive load client 300 to facilitate delivery of messages from theactive load client 300 to the controllable devices 402-412, 60. Theactive load client 300 may further include power dispatch functionality(e.g., power dispatch device interface 340) and provide information tothe ALD 100 regarding power available for dispatch from a powergeneration device 96 and/or a power storage device 62 at the servicepoint 20.

A communications interface 308 facilitates connectivity between theactive load client 300 and the ALD 100. Communication between the activeload client 300 and the ALD 100 may be based on any type of IP or otherconnection-based protocol, including but not limited to, the WiMaxprotocol. Thus, the communications interface 308 may be a wired orwireless modem, a wireless access point, or other appropriate interface.

A standard IP Layer-3 router 320 routes messages received by thecommunications interface 308 to the active load client 300 and to anyother locally connected device(s) 440. The router 320 determines if areceived message is directed to the active load client 300 and, if so,passes the message to a security interface 310 to be decrypted. Thesecurity interface 310 provides protection for the contents of themessages exchanged between the ALD 100 and the active load client 300.The message content is encrypted and decrypted by the security interface310 using, for example, a symmetric encryption key composed of acombination of the IP address and global positioning system (GPS) datafor the active load client 300 or any other combination of knowninformation. If the message is not directed to the active load client300, then it is passed to the IP device interface 330 for delivery toone or more locally connected devices 440. For example, the IP router320 may be programmed to route ALMS messages as well as conventionalInternet messages. In such a case, the active load client 300 mayfunction as a gateway for Internet service supplied to the residence orbusiness instead of using separate Internet gateways or routers. Whenfunctioning to route both ALMS messages and conventional Internetmessages (e.g., as a gateway for general Internet service), the IProuter 320 may be programmed with a prioritization protocol thatprovides priority to the routing of ALMS messages, or at least some ALMSmessages (e.g., those associated with control events).

An IP based communication converter 312 opens incoming messages from theALD 100 and directs them to the appropriate function within the activeload client 300. The converter 312 also receives messages from variousactive load client 300 functions (e.g., a device control manager 314, astatus response generator 304, and a report trigger application 318),packages the messages in the form expected by the ALD 100, and thenpasses them on to the security interface 310 for encryption.

The device control manager 314 processes power management commands forcontrol components of various controllable devices logically connectedto the active load client 300. The control components can be smartbreakers 402-412 (six shown) or controllers of smart devices 60, such ascontrol modules of smart appliances. Each smart breaker component402-412 is associated with at least one device and may be implemented asa load controller. A load controller may be configured to: (i) interruptor reduce power to one or more associated devices during a controlevent, (ii) sense power demand during a control event, (iii) detectpower generation from an associated device (when the associated deviceis a power generation device 96), (iv) sense conditions orcharacteristics (e.g., temperature, humidity, light, etc.) of anenvironment in which the associated device is operating, (v) detectdevice degradation or end of life, (vi) communicate with other devicecontrollers at the service point 20 and/or within the ALMS 10, and/or(vii) validate operating performance of its associated device ordevices. The load controller can manage multiple devices.

The device control manager 314 also processes “Query Request” orequivalent commands or messages from the ALD 100 by querying a statusresponse generator 304, which maintains the type and status of eachdevice controlled by the active load client 300, and providing thestatuses to the ALD 100. The “Query Request” message may includeinformation other than mere status requests, such as temperature setpoints or other environmental characteristic/condition set points forthermally controlled or environmentally-dependent devices, timeintervals during which load control is permitted or prohibited, datesduring which load control is permitted or prohibited, and priorities ofdevice control (e.g., during a power reduction control event, hot waterheater and pool pump are turned off before HVAC unit is turned off). Iftemperature set points or other non-status information are included in a“Query Request” message and there is a device 60 attached to the activeload client 300 that can process the information, the temperature setpoints or other information are sent to that device 60 via a smartdevice interface 324.

The status response generator 304 receives status messages from the ALD100 and, responsive thereto, polls each power consuming device 60,402-412, 460 under the active load client's control to determine whetherthe device 60, 402-412, 460 is active and in good operational order.Each device 60, 402-412, 460 (e.g., through its associated controller)responds to the polls with operational information (e.g., activitystatus and/or error reports) in a status response message. The activeload client 300 stores the status responses in a memory associated withthe status response generator 304 for reference in connection withcontrol events.

The smart device interface 324 facilitates IP or other address-basedcommunications to individual devices 60 (e.g., smart appliance powercontrol modules) that are communicatively connected to the active loadclient 300. The connectivity can be through one of several differenttypes of networks, including but not limited to, BPL, ZigBee, Wi-Fi,Bluetooth, or direct Ethernet communications. Thus, the smart deviceinterface 324 is a modem adapted for use in or on the network connectingthe smart devices 60 to the active load client 300. The smart deviceinterface 324 also allows the device control manager 314 to manage thosedevices that have the capability to sense temperature settings andrespond to variations in temperature or other environmentalcharacteristics or conditions.

The smart breaker module controller 306 formats, sends, and receivesmessages to and from the smart breaker module or load center 400. In oneembodiment, the communication is preferably through a BPL connection. Insuch embodiment, the smart breaker module controller 306 includes a BPLmodem and operations software. The smart breaker module 400 containsindividual smart breakers 402-412, wherein each smart breaker 402-412includes an applicable modem (e.g., a BPL modem when BPL is thenetworking technology employed) and is preferably in-line with powersupplied to a single appliance or other device. The B1-BN countermanager 316 determines and stores real time power usage for eachinstalled smart breaker 402-412. For example, the counter manager 316tracks or counts the amount of power used through each smart breaker402-412 and stores the counted amounts of power in a memory of theactive load client 300 associated with the counter manager 316. When thecounter for any breaker 402-412 reaches a predetermined limit, thecounter manager 316 provides an identification number corresponding tothe smart breaker 402-412 and the corresponding amount of power (powernumber) to the report trigger application 318. Once the information ispassed to the report trigger application 318, the counter manager 316resets the counter for the applicable breaker 402-412 to zero so thatinformation can once again be collected. The report trigger application318 then creates a reporting message containing identificationinformation for the active load client 300, identification informationfor the particular smart breaker 402-412 or power consuming deviceassociated therewith, and the power number, and sends the report to theIP based communication converter 312 for transmission to the ALD 100.The ALD 100 stores the power consumption data in the ALD database 124 orother repository.

The smart meter interface 322 manages either smart meters 460 thatcommunicate using, for example, BPL or a current sensor 452 connected toa traditional power meter 450. When the active load client 300 receivesa “Read Meters” command or message from the ALD 100 and a smart meter460 is attached to the active load client 300, a “Read Meters” commandis sent to the meter 460 via the smart meter interface 322 (e.g., a BPLmodem). The smart meter interface 322 receives a reply to the “ReadMeters” message from the smart meter 460, formats this information alongwith identification information for the active load client 300, andprovides the formatted message to the IP based communication converter312 for transmission to the ALD 100.

A security device interface 328 transfers security messages to and fromany attached security device. For example, the security device interface328 may be coupled by wire or wirelessly to a monitoring or securitysystem that includes motion sensors, mechanical sensors, opticalsensors, electrical sensors, smoke detectors, carbon monoxide detectors,and/or other safety and security monitoring devices. When the monitoringsystem detects a security or safety problem (e.g., break-in, fire,excessive carbon monoxide levels, etc.), the monitoring system sends itsalarm signal to the security interface 328, which in turn forwards thealarm signal to the IP network through the ALD 100 for delivery to thetarget IP address (e.g., the security monitoring service provider). Thesecurity device interface 328 may also be capable of communicating withthe attached security device through the IP device interface 330 torecognize a notification message from the device that it has lost itsline based telephone connection. Once that notification has beenreceived, an alert message is formatted and sent to the ALD 100 throughthe IP based communication converter 312.

Within the ALMS 10, power consumption data is transmitted from theactive load clients 300 to the ALD 100 during regular transmissionreporting periods or pulses. Typically, reported data (e.g., in the formof report messages) is sent every several seconds (e.g., every 5-10seconds). The reporting messages are sent over the communication network80 from the active load clients 300 to the ALD 100. As illustrated inFIG. 3 and described above, the communication network 80 may be a hybridnetwork that includes a fixed bandwidth, wireless link between eachactive load client 300 and a base station 90, and a fixed or variablebandwidth wired and/or wireless link between the base station 90 and theALD 100.

Due to the fixed bandwidth nature of one or more communication linksforming part of the network 80, the possibility exists that thesimultaneous or substantially simultaneous transmission of reportingmessages from the active load clients 300 could overwhelm the lowestbandwidth link of the network 80 (e.g., which may be provided by a dataservice provider, such as an Internet service provider (ISP)) andprevent the ALD 100 from receiving all of the messages. The likelihoodof such a possibility depends upon the quantity of active load clients300 in the ALMS 10 or a particular portion thereof, the sizes of thereporting messages, and the bandwidth of the lowest capacity link in thenetwork 80 (or at least serving the active load clients 300 in a portionof the ALMS 10). As illustrated in FIG. 6, if all or most of the activeload clients 300 in a utility's service area send reporting or othermessages during the same transmission pulse or period, then the messagesmay arrive at the lowest capacity communication link (e.g., the ISPnetwork) at the same time, resulting in some lost messages and/or somedelayed messages. However, as also illustrated in FIG. 6, if the timingof transmission of the reporting messages is controlled or managed suchthat only a quantity of messages that is within the capacity of thelowest bandwidth link of the network 80 is permitted, then the ISPnetwork supplying the lowest capacity link is better able to receive andtransmit those messages without message loss or extraordinary delay.

In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention asillustrated by the logic flow 700 of FIG. 7, a central controller, suchas the ALD 100, determines (701) the transmission constraints of thenetwork 80 and, based thereon, determines transmission timing formessages sent by the active load clients 300 such that the messages arevaried or staggered enough in time to arrive at the network 80 in a moredistributed and balanced fashion. The ALD 100 may receive capacityinformation from the network 80. The ALD 100 may also receive systemsize and reporting criteria information from the utility (e.g., thequantity of active load clients 300 in the ALMS 10, transmissionincrement assignments to groups of active load clients 300, the lengthor duration of each reporting period or a quantity of transmissionincrements in each reporting period, and sequential or other identifiersfor the active load clients 300). Based on such capacity and systeminformation, the ALD 100 can assign (703) active load clients 300 totransmission increments and determine (705) transmission timing for eachactive load client 300 within its assigned transmission increment tomeet ALMS reporting criteria. The ALD 100 sends (707) the transmissiontiming information to each active load client 300 instructing it when totransmit reporting messages.

According to the present invention, messages transmitted from the activeload clients 300 to the ALD 100, such as any of the active load clientmessages described above, are controlled (e.g., staggered, ordered, orotherwise strategically timed) such that substantial numbers of messagestransmitted by the active load clients 300 do not arrive at the smallestor lowest bandwidth point in the network 80 at the same time. Theportion of the network 80 with the smallest bandwidth will typically bethe fixed bandwidth wireless link of the network 80 between the activeload clients 300 and the ALD 100, especially when the wireless link is aportion of a public wireless system, such as a cellular phone system,and is shared with thousands of wireless system users. Control of thetransmission timing of active load client messages may be performed bythe ALD 100 or by each active load client 300 in accordance with variousembodiments of the present invention.

For example, in one embodiment, messages are transmitted to the ALD 100on a regular, pulsed basis. A pulse, transmission period, or reportingperiod may last seconds, minutes, or hours. For example, if messages areto be sent to the ALD 100 every five (5) seconds, then all the activeload clients 300 may be programmed or instructed to stagger or vary thetiming of their message transmissions during each five secondtransmission period. Thus, if there are one thousand (1000) active loadclients 300 in an ALMS 10, then to evenly distribute messagetransmissions throughout the transmission cycle, two hundred (200)active load clients 300 would be required to transmit reporting messagesto the ALD 100 every second (i.e., 1000 active load clients/5 secondsper pulse or transmission period=200 messages per second). Therefore,all the active load clients 300 in this example may be divided up sothat their transmissions are distributed evenly across the transmissionperiod, or 200 transmissions every second.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the ALD 100 informs eachactive load client 300 as to the active load client's transmission timein each transmission period or cycle. Alternatively, the ALD 100 mayprovide data to each active load client 300 in order to enable eachactive load client 300 to determine its own respective transmissiontime.

According to a primary embodiment of the present invention, transmissiontime is dependent upon several parameters or factors, including: (a) anidentifier (ID) associated with the active load client 300 (e.g.,utility-assigned sequential number, IP or other network address, etc.),(b) the total number of active load clients 300 in the ALMS 10, (c) thetransmission increment within a transmission period or pulse, which hasbeen assigned to a particular active load client or group of active loadclients, and (d) the number of transmission increments per transmissionor reporting period. Use of the aforementioned parameters to determinean active load client's transmission time is detailed below.

In accordance with one exemplary embodiment, the utility provides thetransmission time determination factors to the ALD 100 for determinationof the transmission times for the active load clients 300. Pursuant tothis embodiment, when the utility installs a new active load client 300,the utility assigns the active load client 300 a numeric identifier (ALCID), which may be different than the active load client's serial numberor IP address. In one embodiment, each ALC ID is preferably a sequentialnumber from one to the total number of active load clients 300 in theALMS 10, and each ALC ID is unique. Thus, if there are one thousand(1000) active load clients 300 in the ALMS 10, one active load client300 would be assigned an ALC ID of “1,” another active load client 300would be assigned an ALC ID of “2,” and so on until the last active loadclient 300 is assigned an ALC ID of “1000.” When new active load clients300 are added to the ALMS 10, they are assigned new ALC IDs, which mayincrease the total number of ALC IDs. The ALC IDs of active load clients300 associated with customers who no longer have accounts with theutility may be reassigned to new customers. The ALD 100 maintains arunning total of the quantity of active load clients 300 operating ineach utility service area. To insure that the ALD's running total ofactive load clients 300 is accurate, the utility preferably provides anindication of the then-current total quantity of active load clients 300to the ALD 100 on a periodic basis (e.g., once a day or once a week).Alternatively, the ALC ID may be computed from the serial number, IPaddress, or other identifier for the active load client 300 toultimately arrive at an identifier that at least uniquely defines theactive load client 300 within a group of active load clients 300. In onealternative embodiment, multiple active load clients 300 may have thesame ALC ID, but be associated with different groups of active loadclients 300, with each group being assigned a different transmissionincrement as described in more detail below.

Next, in the event that the utility provides the ALD 100 with theduration of the transmission/reporting period and the duration or lengthof each transmission increment instead of the total quantity oftransmission increments per reporting period, the ALD 100 determines thequantity of transmission increments within a reporting period or pulse.Such a determination may be made by dividing the reporting periodduration by the length of each transmission increment. For example, ifthe reporting period is five (5) seconds and the transmission incrementis 0.5 seconds (i.e., a group of active load clients 300 transmitsreporting messages every 0.5 seconds), then the quantity of transmissionincrements within a reporting period is 5/0.5=10 transmissionincrements.

After receiving or determining the quantity of transmission incrementsper reporting period, the ALD 100, according to one embodiment,determines the quantity of active load clients 300 per group (or,equivalently, per transmission increment) by dividing the total quantityof active load clients 300 by the quantity of transmission increments.For example, if there are one thousand (1000) active load clients 300operating in a utility service area at one thousand (1000) customerservice points 20 and there are ten (10) transmission increments, thenthe quantity of active load clients 300 per transmission increment is1000/10=100 active load clients per transmission increment.

The ALD 100 may then assign or allocate the transmission incrementsamong the active load clients 300 evenly or in some other manner suchthat the active load clients 300 are organized into groups and eachgroup is allocated a transmission increment. For example, if there areone hundred (100) active load clients 300 per group, transmissionincrements are allocated evenly among the active load clients 300, eachtransmission increment is 0.5 seconds, and each reporting period is five(5) seconds, then the first group of active load clients 300 wouldtransmit during the time period from t to t+0.5 seconds; the secondgroup of active load clients 300 would transmit during the time periodfrom t+0.5 seconds to t+1.0 seconds; the third group of active loadclients 300 would transmit during the time period from t+1.0 seconds tot+1.5 seconds; and so forth until the last group of active load clients300 transmitted during the time period from t+4.95 seconds to t+5.0seconds.

Additionally, after determining the groupings of the active load clients300, the ALD 100 may change the ALC ID of some of the active loadclients 300 to reflect the active load client's sequence in its assignedgroup in order to determine the transmission time for each active loadclient 300 within a particular transmission increment. For example, ifeach group of active load clients 300 includes one hundred (100) activeload clients 300, then ALC IDs for the active load clients 300 havingALC IDs 1-100 would remain the same, but the ALC IDs for the otheractive load clients 300 would change to reflect there positions in theother groups. For instance, the ALC IDs for the active load clients 300having ALC IDs 101-200 would become 1-100 in connection with group 2,the ALC IDs for the active load clients 300 having ALC IDs 201-300 wouldbecome 1-100 in connection with group 3, and so forth.

In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, thefollowing equation may be used to determine the transmission time foreach active load client 300 during the transmission increment assignedto the group containing the particular active load client 300 based onthe active load client's sequence (ALC ID) in its group:

${{trans}\mspace{14mu}{time}} = {\left( \left\lfloor \frac{{ALC}\mspace{14mu}{ID}}{{number}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{customers}\mspace{14mu}{per}\mspace{14mu}{increment}} \right\rfloor \right) \times {length}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{trans}\mspace{14mu}{increment}}$where:“ALC ID” is the sequence number for the active load client within itsassigned group; “trans” is short for “transmission”;

${{number}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{customers}\mspace{14mu}{per}\mspace{14mu}{increment}} = \frac{{number}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{ALCs}}{{number}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{trans}\mspace{14mu}{increments}\mspace{14mu}{per}\mspace{14mu}{trans}\mspace{14mu}{pulse}}$“ALCs” means active load clients;

length  of  trans  increment = the  length  of  time  of  a  transmission  increment  within  a  transmission  pulse  and${{number}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{trans}\mspace{14mu}{increments}\mspace{14mu}{per}\mspace{14mu}{trans}\mspace{14mu}{pulse}} = {\frac{{length}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu} a\mspace{14mu}{transmission}\mspace{14mu}{pulse}}{{length}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{increment}}.}$

In a primary embodiment of the present invention, the ALD 100 providesthe transmission time to each active load client 300 on a regular basis,such as daily. In an alternative embodiment, the ALD 100 may provide anindication of an assigned transmission increment to each active loadclient 300 and each active load client 300 may employ a random numbergenerator to determine exactly when to transmit within the assignedtransmission increment.

In another alternative embodiment as illustrated by the logic flow 800of FIG. 8, the ALD 100 may provide transmission time determinationparameters (e.g., ALC ID, total number of active load clients,transmission period duration and start time, transmission incrementidentification or position within the transmission period, and number oftransmission increments per transmission period) to the active loadclients 300 so that each active load client 300 can determine its owntransmission time within its assigned transmission increment. Providingthe transmission time determination parameters to the active loadclients 300 saves the ALD 100 from the burden of having to determine thetransmission time for each active load client 300 and instead spreadsthe determination burden to the active load clients 300. In such a case,each active load client 300 is programmed with the above equations fordetermining its respective transmission reporting time. Alternatively,each active load client 300 may employ a random number generator todetermine when to transmit within its assigned transmission increment.

In a further embodiment, each active load client 300 may also modulateits report message with an orthogonal code (e.g., pseudo-noise code) tofurther assist the ALD 100 in distinguishing active load clienttransmissions in the ALMS 10.

Referring again to FIGS. 4 and 5, the ALD 100 may receive the followinginformation (which may be in the form of an update or equivalentmessage) from the utility control center 200 on a regular basis toassist the ALD 100 with determining transmission times for the activeload clients 300 under the control of the ALD 100: ALC IDs; totalquantity of active load clients 300 (which may be omitted if the ALD 100can determine the total quantity of active load clients 300 from the ALCIDs); transmission increment duration and/or assignment to groups ofactive load clients 300; and quantity of transmission increments perreporting period. The foregoing information is received from the network80 by the UCC command processor 104 and is provided to the ALC manager108. The ALC manager 108 then uses the information to determine thetransmission time for each active load client 300 as detailed above. Inone embodiment, the ALC manager 108 generates control messagescontaining indications of the transmission times for the active loadclients 300 and provides the control messages to the ALC interface 112,which then communicates the control messages to the active load clients300 over the network 80. In this case, the communications interface 308for each active load client 300 receives the control message addressedto the respective device 100 from the network 80 and provides thecontrol message to the device control manager 314 or other processor.The device control manager 314 then generates an ALC report message andprovides the report message to the communications interface 308 fortransmission at the transmission time indicated in the previouslyreceived control message.

Alternatively, when each active load client 300 is programmed todetermine its own transmission time (as opposed to receiving it from theALD 100) as illustrated in FIG. 8, the active load client'scommunications interface 308 receives (801) one or more control messagesfrom the ALD 100 or another central controller via the network 80. Thecontrol message(s) contain the transmission time determinationparameters and are provided to the device control manager 314 or anequivalent processor for determination of the transmission time for areporting message. The reporting message includes power consumptioninformation and may contain, for example, passive sampling dataindicating an aggregate quantity, or individual quantities, of powerconsumed by power consuming devices located at the service point atwhich the active load client 300 is installed. Each active load clientdetermines (803) its transmission time based on the receivedtransmission time determination parameters as detailed above andtransmits (805) the reporting message to the ALD 100 or similar centralcontroller at the determined transmission time. By determiningindividual transmission times based on the received parameters, theactive load clients 300 in a utility's service area may implement avaried or staggered messaging protocol to communicate reporting messagesto the ALD 100 over the network 80 so as to reduce the potential foroverwhelming the network 80 or the ALD 100 and, thereby, increasing thelikelihood that all the reporting messages will be timely received bythe ALD 100.

As described above, the present invention encompasses an apparatus andmethod for controlling a flow of messages between installed customerequipment, such as metered gateways, smart meters, or other active loadclient devices, and a central controller, such as an ALD or a utilitycontrol center. With this invention, electric cooperatives,municipalities, or other electric power supplying entities usingadvanced metering infrastructure (AMI) or smart meters will be able tocommunicate information in a timely manner throughout their active loadmanagement systems with minimal loss of data, notwithstanding capacityor bandwidth limitations in communication networks supporting suchsystems.

In the foregoing specification, the present invention has been describedwith reference to specific embodiments. However, one of ordinary skillin the art will appreciate that various modifications and changes may bemade without departing from the spirit and scope of the presentinvention as set forth in the appended claims. For example, thetransmission timing process described herein is applicable for a varietyof communications between the utility control center and the customerequipment installed at the service points in a utility's service area,including any equipment used to implement an AMI device, such as a smartmeter. Additionally, the message flow procedure disclosed above may beanalogously used to control or manage the flow of messages from the ALD100 or any other central controller (including, for example, the utilitycontrol center 200) to the active load clients 300 or any other fixedcustomer premises equipment (e.g., smart meters) so as to mitigate theloss or delay of messages (e.g., data packets) in the downlink orreverse link direction.

Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have beendescribed above with regard to specific embodiments of the presentinvention. However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, andany element(s) that may cause or result in such benefits, advantages, orsolutions to become more pronounced are not to be construed as acritical, required, or essential feature or element of any or all theclaims. The invention is defined solely by the appended claims includingany amendments made during the pendency of this application and allequivalents of those claims as issued.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for a communication device operatingwithin an active load management system to control transmission of atleast one message over a fixed bandwidth communication link, the atleast one message providing information relating to electric powerconsumption by power consuming devices located at a service point atwhich the communication device is located and fixedly positioned, themethod comprising: receiving at least one control message from a centralcontroller, the at least one control message including transmission timedetermination parameters, the transmission time determination parametersincluding (a) an identifier associated with the communication device,(b) a number representing a quantity of communication devices within theactive load management system, (c) a number representing a quantity oftransmission increments within a reporting period during which messagesare to be transmitted by the plurality of communication devices, and (d)identification of a transmission increment assigned to a group ofcommunication devices containing the communication device; anddetermining a transmission time for the at least one message based onthe transmission time determination parameters; wherein the step ofdetermining a transmission time for the at least one message comprises:determining a quantity of communication devices within the groupcontaining the communication device based on (a) the number representingthe quantity of communication devices within the active load managementsystem and (b) the number representing the quantity of transmissionincrements within the reporting period; determining a duration of thetransmission increment assigned to the group containing thecommunication device; and determining a transmission time for the atleast one message based on (a) the identifier associated with thecommunication device, (b) the quantity of communication devices withinthe group containing the communication device, and (c) the duration ofthe transmission increment assigned to the group containing thecommunication device.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step ofdetermining a duration of the transmission increment assigned to thegroup containing the communication device comprises: determining theduration of the transmission increment allocated to the group ofcommunication devices containing the communication device based on thequantity of transmission increments within the reporting period and aduration of the reporting period.
 3. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: transmitting the at least one message at the transmissiontime over the communication link.
 4. An active load management systemoperable to control transmission of messages over a communication link,the messages providing information reporting electric power consumptionby power consuming devices located at service points receivingelectrical power from a utility, the active load management systemcomprising: a plurality of active load client devices, each active loadclient device including: a communications interface operable to receiveat least one control message indicating a transmission time fortransmitting at least one report message, the at least one reportmessage providing information relating to electric power consumption bypower consuming devices located at a service point at which the activeload client device is located; and a device control manager operablycoupled to the communications interface, the device control manageroperable to generate the at least one report message and supply the atleast one report message to the communications interface fortransmission at the transmission time; an active load director thatincludes: an active load client manager operable to: determine atransmission period during which report messages are to be transmittedby the plurality of active load client devices, determine a plurality oftransmission increments within the transmission period, allocate eachtransmission increment to a respective group of the plurality of activeload client devices, determine transmission times for the reportmessages based on (a) identifiers for the plurality of active loadclient devices, (b) respective durations of transmission incrementsallocated to respective groups of the plurality of active load clientdevices, and (c) a quantity of active load client devices in each group,and generate control messages that include indications of thetransmission times; and an active load client interface operably coupledto the active load client manager and the communication link, the activeload client interface operable to communicate the control messages tothe plurality of active load client devices over the communication link.5. The active load management system of claim 4, wherein the active loaddirector further includes: a utility control center command processoroperably coupled to the active load client manager and a secondcommunication link between the active load director and a control centerof the utility, the utility control center command processor operable toreceive from the control center of the utility and provide to the activeload client manager at least one update message including (a) theidentifiers for the plurality of active load client devices, (b) anumber representing a quantity of the plurality of active load clientdevices, (c) a number representing a quantity of the plurality oftransmission increments within the transmission period, and (d)identifications of transmission increments assigned to groups of theplurality of active load client devices; wherein the active load clientmanager is further operable to determine transmission times for thereport messages based on the at least one update message.
 6. The activeload management system of claim 4, wherein the communications interfacesupports a wide area wireless protocol.